{"id":3592,"date":"2026-03-20T17:36:40","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T16:36:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/madtools.it\/?p=3592"},"modified":"2026-03-24T09:38:57","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T08:38:57","slug":"mechanical-marking-on-lathes-and-presses-marking-rolls-punches-and-custom-design-tooling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/madtools.it\/en\/mechanical-marking-on-lathes-and-presses-marking-rolls-punches-and-custom-design-tooling\/","title":{"rendered":"Mechanical marking on lathes and presses: marking rolls, punches and custom-design tooling"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Why mechanical marking has returned to the centre of the production agenda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A part without a readable mark is an untraceable part. And an untraceable part \u2014 in medical as in automotive \u2014 is a part that does not exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EU MDR Regulation 2017\/745 requires UDI marking directly on reusable medical devices, with deadlines between December 2027 and December 2028 depending on the risk class [1][2]. The IATF 16949 standard, clause 8.5.2.1, requires automotive suppliers to maintain documented traceability plans from material intake to delivery [3]. In aerospace, AS9100 and NADCAP prescribe permanent marking using low-stress methods on flight-critical parts [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mechanical marking \u2014 rolls, punches, knurling tools \u2014 remains the dominant technology when deep engravings, resistant to post-treatments<\/strong> and directly integrable into the production cycle on lathes and presses are required. This article compares the available technologies with data on depth, force, readability and objective selection criteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Mechanical marking technologies: how they work<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Marking roll<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A hardened steel cylinder with characters engraved on its circumference. Mounted on a lathe or transfer machine, it rolls against the rotating workpiece, imprinting the mark through progressive contact. The key advantage: far less force is required compared to a stamp punch, because only a fraction of the message is in contact at any given moment [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Force required:<\/strong> pneumatic machines 1.5\u20133 tonnes; hydraulic up to 6\u201314 tonnes for hard materials [6].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Stamp punch (impact stamp)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Acts with a single downward impact via manual or hydraulic press. Manual presses reach up to 6.5 tonnes of controlled force [7].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Available variants:<\/strong> linear punches for rolling on rotating bar, flat impact punches, male\/female dies for sheet metal stamping with through-relief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 Dot peen (CNC micropercussion)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A CNC-controlled tungsten carbide stylus creates micro-indentations on the surface. Available in pneumatic (greater depth) or electromagnetic (greater precision) versions. Typical speed: up to 20 characters per second<\/strong> [9]. It is the most flexible technology for variable content such as serial numbers and DataMatrix codes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 1. Comparison of mechanical marking technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technology<\/strong><\/td>Typical depth<\/strong><\/td>Force required<\/strong><\/td>Speed<\/strong><\/td>Typical application<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
Marking roll<\/td>0,05\u20130,3 mm<\/td>1.5\u20133 t (pneum.)<\/td>Continuous, in-cycle<\/td>Cylindrical parts on CNC lathes and transfer machines<\/td><\/tr>
Stamp punch<\/td>0,1\u20130,5 mm<\/td>2\u20136.5 t (press)<\/td>Single stroke<\/td>Flat parts on manual and hydraulic presses<\/td><\/tr>
Male\/female punch<\/td>Through (raised relief)<\/td>3\u201314 t (hydraul.)<\/td>Single stroke<\/td>Sheet metal, nameplates<\/td><\/tr>
Pneumatic dot peen<\/td>0,1\u20130,3 mm<\/td>N\/A (point impact)<\/td>Up to 20 char.\/s<\/td>Serialisation, DataMatrix<\/td><\/tr>
Combined knurling<\/td>0,1\u20130,5 mm<\/td>Variable<\/td>Continuous, in-cycle<\/td>Knurling + marking on lathes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources: GT Schmidt [6], Durable Technologies [7], Kwik Mark [9]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. The regulatory framework: what the standards require<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The European UDI (Unique Device Identification) system, introduced by EU MDR 2017\/745, requires every reusable medical device to carry a code in human-readable format (HRI<\/strong>) and machine-readable (AIDC<\/strong>) directly on the device [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

UDI deadlines:<\/strong> Class III and implantable IIb by 31 December 2027. Class IIa, non-implantable IIb and Class I by 31 December 2028 [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In automotive, clause 8.5.2.1 of IATF 16949 requires an analysis of internal, customer and regulatory traceability requirements, with the development of documented plans based on risk level [3]. Permanent mechanical marking remains preferred where the part undergoes aggressive surface treatments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Table 2. Regulatory requirements for part traceability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Standard<\/strong><\/td>Sector<\/strong><\/td>Marking requirement<\/strong><\/td>Key deadlines<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
EU MDR 2017\/745 (UDI)<\/td>Medical<\/td>UDI code (HRI + AIDC) directly on the reusable device<\/td>Class III: Dec. 2027 Class I\u2013IIb: Dec. 2028<\/td><\/tr>
IATF 16949 \u00a78.5.2.1<\/td>Automotive<\/td>Unique ID from incoming material to delivered product; documented plan<\/td>In force (mandatory for OEM suppliers)<\/td><\/tr>
AS9100 \/ NADCAP<\/td>Aerospace<\/td>Permanent marking on flight-critical parts; low-stress methods<\/td>In force<\/td><\/tr>
FDA 21 CFR 801.45<\/td>US Medical<\/td>UDI directly on the device in permanent format for reusables<\/td>In force since 2018<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources: EU Regulation 2017\/745 [1], Elexes [2], IATF 16949 [3], FDA 21 CFR 801.45 [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Readability after surface treatments: the data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The most critical issue in mechanical marking is the survival of the mark after post-treatments. A Laserax study on A356 aluminium parts quantified the loss of contrast and readability of DataMatrix codes after shot blasting, painting and e-coating [12].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results show that the cell size<\/strong> of the DataMatrix is the determining factor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • After shot blasting: 0.4 mm cells unreadable; 0.6\u20130.8 mm cells readable (contrast loss \u224810%) [12].<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • After e-coating: minimum threshold 0.75 mm; best results with 1.25 mm cells [13].<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Shot blasting + e-coating (most severe case): deep marking with at least 6 passes, 0.6 mm cells [13].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    For conventional mechanical marking (rolls and punches), the principle is the same: the engraving depth must exceed the roughness profile generated by the surface treatment. Shot blasting generates typical profiles of 25 to 127 \u03bcm [14]. Therefore, a marking 0.05 mm deep will not survive; at least 0.15\u20130.2 mm<\/strong> is required to ensure readability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Table 3. Marking readability after surface treatments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Treatment<\/strong><\/td>Effect on marking<\/strong><\/td>Minimum depth<\/strong><\/td>DataMatrix cell size<\/strong><\/td>Recommended action<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
    Painting<\/td>Partial coverage<\/td>\u22650,15 mm<\/td>\u22651,0 mm<\/td>Mark pre-painting with extra depth<\/td><\/tr>
    Shot blasting<\/td>Surface abrasion<\/td>\u22650,2 mm<\/td>\u22650,6 mm<\/td>Deep marking; verify readability post-process<\/td><\/tr>
    E-coating<\/td>Uniform film<\/td>\u22650,1 mm<\/td>\u22651,25 mm<\/td>Large cells, sufficient contrast<\/td><\/tr>
    T4\/T6 heat treatment<\/td>Discolouration, min. physical effect<\/td>\u22650,05 mm<\/td>Standard<\/td>Readability generally preserved<\/td><\/tr>
    Shot blasting + painting<\/td>Severe combined effect<\/td>\u22650,3 mm<\/td>\u22650,6 mm deep<\/td>Deep marking mandatory; validate with samples<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Sources: Laserax \/ NADCA 2016 [12][13]; SSPC\/Elcometer [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Marking and part integrity: the stress factor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Every mechanical marking operation introduces localised plastic deformation. In materials that work-harden rapidly, such as stainless steels, this can generate stress concentrators that reduce the fatigue life of the component [15].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In aerospace, electrochemical marking is the only authorised method on Flight Critical<\/strong> parts because it introduces neither mechanical stresses nor thermally altered zones [4].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    For non-fatigue-critical components, the solutions are geometric:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Punches with a rounded face (Aerocut type): they distribute the force, reducing stress peaks at the contact point [7].<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • APIQ low-stress punches (oil & gas sector): they combine interrupted and rounded faces to minimise stress concentration [7].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      The practical rule is: single stroke with calibrated force, never multiple light strokes that progressively work-harden the surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      6. Operational checklist before ordering a marking tool<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      •  Define the marking content: fixed text, variable text, DataMatrix code?<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  Measure the available space on the part and verify the wall thickness in the marking area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  Identify the planned post-treatments (painting, shot blasting, heat treatment) and define the minimum depth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  If the part is fatigue-critical, verify structural integrity requirements and evaluate low-stress geometries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  Specify in the technical drawing: character height, engraving depth, marking position.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  Validate with marked + treated samples before series production.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      •  Periodically check the marking tool for wear (incomplete characters = time for replacement).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        7. Quick diagnosis: when something goes wrong<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        A mini decision tree for the most common problems during mechanical marking:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Symptom<\/strong><\/td>Probable cause<\/strong><\/td>Corrective action<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
        Mark unreadable after painting<\/td>Insufficient depth relative to film thickness<\/td>Increase depth to \u22650.15 mm; verify with painted samples<\/td><\/tr>
        Incomplete or smeared characters<\/td>Marking tool wear or workpiece misalignment<\/td>Check roll\/punch condition; verify centring and pressure<\/td><\/tr>
        DataMatrix not readable by scanner<\/td>Cell size too small relative to surface roughness<\/td>Increase cell to \u22650.6 mm; check reading angle<\/td><\/tr>
        Part deformation after marking<\/td>Excessive marking force or insufficient wall thickness<\/td>Reduce tonnage; consider roll marking technology (distributed force)<\/td><\/tr>
        Surface cracks near the marking<\/td>Stress concentration on work-hardened materials (e.g. stainless steel)<\/td>Low-stress punches (rounded face) or APIQ geometries; single stroke<\/td><\/tr>
        Marking disappears after shot blasting<\/td>Depth below the shot blasting profile (\u224825\u2013127 \u03bcm)<\/td>Deep marking \u22650.2 mm; validate on shot-blasted samples<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Table 4. Quick diagnosis for common issues. Sources: GT Schmidt [6], Durable Technologies [7], Laserax [12][13], SSPC [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        8. When to choose mechanical marking: decision criteria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Mechanical marking excels when depth, resistance to post-treatments and direct integration into the machine cycle are required. The cost of a marking tool is a fraction of the cost of a laser system (from \u20ac35,000) or CNC dot peen (from \u20ac6,000) [16]. The limitation is flexibility: a fixed-character roll works for logos and constant texts, not for variable serialisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Table 5. Selection criteria: mechanical marking vs alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Criterion<\/strong><\/td>Choose mechanical marking (roll\/punch)<\/strong><\/td>Consider alternative (laser\/dot peen)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
        Production volume<\/td>High volume, fixed or semi-fixed text<\/td>Frequent variability (serialisation, batches)<\/td><\/tr>
        Required depth<\/td>Marking must withstand shot blasting, painting, heavy-duty use<\/td>Surface marking sufficient (optical contrast)<\/td><\/tr>
        Structural integrity<\/td>Ductile materials, adequate wall thicknesses<\/td>Fatigue-critical components, thin walls, brittle materials<\/td><\/tr>
        Initial budget<\/td>Low (tool costing a few hundred euros)<\/td>Medium-high (laser from \u20ac35,000+, dot peen from \u20ac6,000+)<\/td><\/tr>
        Machine integration<\/td>Easy on existing lathes, presses, transfer machines<\/td>Requires dedicated station or specific CNC integration<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Sources: Laserax [16], GT Schmidt [6], DirectIndustry [4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        9. Conclusions: key takeaways<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Mechanical marking is not a detail: it is the bridge between the part and its identity throughout the entire supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The question is not whether mechanical marking is needed, but which technology, at what depth, on which material<\/strong>. UDI regulations in medical and IATF 16949 in automotive make traceability a requirement, not an option.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The choice depends on three variables: required depth after treatment, production volume and structural integrity constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        MadTools<\/strong> designs and manufactures marking tools \u2014 marking rolls, punches, knurling tools and custom-design special tooling \u2014 calibrated to customer specifications: material, depth, part geometry. For cases where standard solutions fall short, the team of 5 designers develops custom solutions from scratch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Sources and references<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        [1] Regulation (EU) 2017\/745 (EU MDR), Article 27 \u2014 Unique Device Identification system. Official Journal of the European Union.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [2] Elexes, “EU MDR 2017\/745 \u2014 FAQs”, elexes.com, updated 2025. Deadlines: Class III Dec. 2027, Class I\u2013IIb Dec. 2028.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [3] IATF 16949:2016, Clause 8.5.2.1 \u2014 Identification and Traceability (Supplemental).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [4] DirectIndustry, “Choosing the Right Marking Machine \u2014 Buying Guide”, guide.directindustry.com, 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [5] Pannier Corporation, “Roller Dies for Continuous Marking”, pannier.com, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [6] GT Schmidt, “Types of Traditional Marking: Roll Marking Machines” and “Steel Stamps and Marking Dies”, gtschmidt.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [7] Durable Technologies, “Marking Stainless Steel Without Stress Concentration: A Practical Guide”, durable-tech.com, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [9] Kwik Mark, “Dot Peen Marking Machines”, kwikmark.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [11] FDA, 21 CFR 801.45 \u2014 Devices; current good manufacturing practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [12] Laserax \/ NADCA, “Traceability and Laser Marking of Die Castings”, laserax.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [13] Laserax, “The Challenges of Direct Part Marking (DPM) and Post Process Treatments”, laserax.com.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [14] SSPC \/ Elcometer, “Inspection After Surface Preparation”. Shot blasting profile: 25\u2013127 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [15] Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, “Effect of Machined Surface Integrity on Fatigue Performance of Metal Workpiece: A Review”, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        [16] Laserax, “Laser Markers vs Dot Peen Marking Machines: What to Choose and Why”, laserax.com, 2025.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        How to choose the right marking technology to ensure traceability, post-treatment readability and regulatory compliance \u2014 with operational data and criteria.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3747,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3592","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-categorizzato-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMechanical marking on lathes and presses: marking rolls, punches and custom-design tooling - MadTools<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/madtools.it\/en\/mechanical-marking-on-lathes-and-presses-marking-rolls-punches-and-custom-design-tooling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mechanical marking on lathes and presses: marking rolls, punches and custom-design tooling - 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